Mathematical science is the human recognition on the evolution laws of things that we can understand with the principle of logical consistency by mathematics, i.e., mathematical reality. So, is the mathematical reality equal to the reality of thing? The answer is not because there always exists contradiction between things in the eyes of human, which is only a local or conditional conclusion. Such a situation enables us to extend the mathematics further by combinatorics for the reality of thing from the local reality and then, to get a combinatorial reality of thing. This is the combinatorial conjecture for mathematical science, i.e., CC conjecture that I put forward in my postdoctoral report for Chinese Acade- my of Sciences in 2005, namely any mathematical science can be reconstructed from or made by combinatorialization. After discovering its relation with Smarandache multi-spaces, it is then be applied to generalize mathematics over 1-dimensional topological graphs, namely the mathematical combinatorics that I promoted on science internationally for more than 20 years. This paper surveys how I proposed this conjecture from combinatorial topology, how to use it for characterizing the non-uniform groups or contradictory systems and furthermore, why I introduce the continuity ow GL as a mathematical element, i.e., vectors in Banach space over topological graphs with operations and then, how to apply it to generalize a few of important conclusions in functional analysis for providing the human recognition on the reality of things, including the subdivision of substance into elementary particles or quarks in theoretical physics with a mathematical supporting.

A thing is complex, and hybrid with other things sometimes. Then, what is the reality of a thing? The reality of a thing is its state of existed, exists, or will exist in the world, independent on the understanding of human beings, which implies that the reality holds on by human beings maybe local or gradual, not the reality of a thing. Hence, to hold on the reality of things is the main objective of science in the history of human development.

This volume presents interviews that have been conducted from the 1980s to the present with important scholars of social choice and welfare theory. Starting with a brief history of social choice and welfare theory written by the book editors, it features 15 conversations with four Nobel Laureates and other key scholars in the discipline. The volume is divided into two parts. The first part presents four conversations with the founding fathers of modern social choice and welfare theory: Kenneth Arrow, John Harsanyi, Paul Samuelson, and Amartya Sen. The second part includes conversations with scholars who made important contributions to the discipline from the early 1970s onwards. This book will appeal to anyone interested in the history of economics, and the history of social choice and welfare theory in particular.

Covers all aspects of OR including computing and decision technology; environment, energy and natural resources; financial services; logistics and supply chain operations; manufacturing operations; optimization; public and military services; simulation; stochastic models; telecommunications; and transportation.