Since the introduction of the jet engine and its increasing refinement, fuel began to assume a much more prominent role in the overall design of the aircraft [1-1]. Fuel has now reached at least an equal design consideration as the engine and airframe [1-2]. There are several reasons for this increased importance of the fuel in the overall system. In addition to its essential function of providing the energy necessary for flight [1-3], the fuel will act as the primary heat sink required for cooling the aircraft and its equipment [1-4]. In many future systems, the fuel will constitute over fifty percent (50%) of the total weight [1-5] of the system and the fuel cost may well be as high as fifty percent (50%) of the direct operating cost (Figure. 1.1.). The purpose of this mini book is to summarize the progress made to date in the development of these advanced hydrocarbon fuels and to submit the necessary requirements for future hydrocarbon fuels for the aerospace industry. The idea of regular supersonic flight of air-breathing weapon systems has become a reality within previous years and the advancement of even faster systems will continue [1-7]. This incredible boost in flight speed has led to significant increases in the relative value of the fuel to the general system [1-8]. In the period of the piston engine, airplane designers were more concerned with the engine and the airframe rather than with the fuel [1-9]. The choice of fuel to be utilized in the airplane was often of secondary significance [1-9]. All things considered, with the presentation of the jet engine motor and its expanding change, the fuel began to assume significantly more fundamental capacity in the general plan till the point has now achieved where the fuel has obtained at least proportionate status with the motor and the airframe [1-10].

This book provides different engineering, management, economic solutions and methodologies regarding sustainable aviation, giving readers a great sense of how sustainable aviation works at the “systems” level. The aviation industry is one of the fastest growing in the world and can make a positive contribution to sustainability. This book presents environmental policies and their application to the aviation industry and evaluates solutions provided to address pollution. Chapters discuss novel technologies that the aviation industry can apply to reduce its environmental impact and become more energy efficient.

DEVELOPMENTS IN LUBRICANT TECHNOLOGY Examines all stages of Lubricant formulations, production and applications Developments in Lubricant Technology describes the basics of Lubricant formulations and their application in variety of equipment and engines. Divided into twenty chapters, this book provides an introduction to lubricant technology for users, young scientists and engineers desirous of understanding this subject. The book covers all major classes of lubricants including base oils (mineral, chemically modified and synthetic), followed by the description of chemical- additives and their evaluation. A brief chapter on the friction-wear and lubrication has been provided to understand the behaviour of lubricants in equipment. Major industrial oils such as turbine, hydraulic, gear, compressor and metal working fluids have been described. Automotive engine, gear and transmission oils for passenger cars, commercial vehicles, rail-road, marine, natural gas engines and 2T, 4T small engines have been discussed at length with latest specifications and global trends. Various synthetic oils and environmentally friendly products have also been described in the relevant chapters to understand the critical applications of such products in modern equipment and engines. Finally lubricants blending technology, quality control, their storage, handling, re-refining and condition monitoring in equipment have been discussed along with the typical lubricant tests and their significance.

This book presents part of the proceedings of the Manufacturing and Materials track of the iM3F 2021 conference held in Malaysia. This collection of articles deliberates on the key challenges and trends related to manufacturing as well as materials engineering and technology in setting the stage for the world in embracing the Fourth Industrial Revolution. It presents recent findings with regard to manufacturing and materials that are pertinent toward the realizations and ultimately the embodiment of Industry 4.0, with contributions from both industry and academia.

Considers legislation to extend veterans education benefits.