The First World War quickly escalated from a European war into a global conflict that would cause fundamental changes in the Middle East, Africa, Asia and the Americas. Its end signalled the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, which had controlled most of the Arab Middle East. Over the wartime period, millions of people across the Empire died as a result of warfare, epidemics, famines and massacres. However, for the Ottoman leaders their entry into the war was not just a response to a life-or-death struggle, but rather presented them with an opportunity to transform the empire into a new type of state. Syria in World War I brings together leading scholars working with original Turkish, Arabic, Armenian and German sources, to present a comprehensive examination of this key period in Syria’s history. Together, the chapters demonstrate how the war represented a radical break from the past for the Syrian lands, which underwent crucial political, economic, social and cultural transformations. It contextualises various facets of the then Unionist ruler of Syria, Djemal Pasha, as well as exploring the impact of the Ottoman leaders’ divergent policies on the Syrian lands and people, which would undergo a series of political, economic and ecological catastrophes whose traces are still evident in the region’s collective memory. Introducing a significant body of new information and considerably expanding the parameters of current debates, Syria in World War I is of key interest to students and scholars of Middle East History, as well as History of the Late Ottoman Empire and World War I History.

The ‘Syria idea’ emerged in the nineteenth century as a concept of national awakening superseding both Arab nationalism and separatist currents. Looking at nationalist movements, ideas and individuals, this book traces the origin and development of the idea of Syrian nationhood from the perspective of some of its leading pioneers. Providing a highly original comparative insight into the struggle for independence and sovereignty in post-1850 Syria, it addresses some of the most persistent questions about the development of this nationalism. Chapters by eminent scholars from within and outside of the region offer a comprehensive study of individual Syrian writers and activists caught in a whirlwind of uncertainty, competing ideologies, foreign interference, and political suppression. A valuable addition to the present scholarship on nationalism in the Middle East, this book will be of interest to many professionals as well as to scholars of history, Middle East studies and political science.

Barrett provides a complete guide to the Dewey Decimal and Library of Congress classification of subjects relating to the First World War.

This book aims to tell the stories and struggles of and many wrong-known truths about more than 23.000 Syrian Refugees who started to live in Turkey as of year 2011 through the works and studies of a project group and a project leader who touched their lives between 2016-2020. Our project that we started with a dream of the project designer has finally come true. To make the world a better, more habitable place is in our hands. We have realized 3 million Syrians and 3 million trees project with the ideal and conscious to live like a forest all together in peace and Qualified Employment Project with the financing support of GİZ, the German Society for International Cooperation. In this project with the aim to make economic contribution to our Syrian guests and to make them take part in active business life, 3.800 Syrian people and 1.260 Turkish people have participated in sapling planting and vocational training. It was the primary goal of our project to plant one tree for each of 3.700.000 million Syrians who have migrated to Turkey, namely for each tree which was chopped down, and to establish emotional bond between the citizens on this country and to contribute to Green Europe Project. Another goal of our project is to contribute to sustainable employment. Within the scope of project works, we performed many field studies in different areas. In all academic studies carried out up until today, human subjects were selected generally from refugee camps and those studies remained as periodical studies. 2.560 human subjects selected for this study have been selected from among Syrians trying to live in Gaziantep and Istanbul and working within the scope of the project; this is a unique study in its field in terms of participants, same questions were asked in different periods of time within 4 years and relevant changes were observed. This study not only includes the evaluations of the Syrian beneficiaries but also reflects the views of our 1.260 citizens from Gaziantep and Kilis provinces about Syrian Refugees. We hope that our studies will contribute to ones who carries out studies about refugees and to NGOs which develop projects for them. Our study begins with an introduction which includes an overall assessment of Syrian Refugees. We have included some stories from the field between chapters. Some of them gives many information in brief and with full of emotion about the matters that we wish to tell and try to write reams of writings. Second chapter contains a determination of state and fourth chapter contains the evaluation of problems that we determined as a result of field studies in which the same questions were asked to different Syrians within 3 years. Sixth chapter explains “Wrong-Known Truths” evolved from individual judgment to social judgment within 10 years. Knowing the truth by every segment of the society of those wrongs mostly used in social conflicts will be the most realistic common ground de-conflict environment. Seventh chapter contains the contents need to be known about “3 Million Syrians –3 Million Trees” Project. Other chapters contain the outcomes of Istanbul Survey, Gaziantep-2018 (Syrian Beneficiaries) and Gaziantep-2019 Field Studies and “Our Citizens’ Perception of Syrian Refugees”. Sixteenth chapter contains the field studies carried out within the scope of Qualified Employment Project-2020. Last chapter of the book contains a return project. In all sections of the book, we explained the current conditions evenhandedly and in a way to cover all the relevant parties. The results of our survey study in which we have measured the perceptions of our citizens about Syrian refugees indicated the necessity of a vision regarding the repatriation. Large segment of the society expects the repatriation of the Syrian refugees. In our survey, only 8,6% of the participants believe that all the Syrians will return to their countries after the end of civil war in Syria and 43,1% believe that none of them will return. If they stay in Turkey, most of the participants, approximately 81,6%, object to conferring Turkish citizenship to Syrian refugees. Project outputs develop solutions not only for repatriation but also for many problems identified in problems section. “Swallows are refugee/migratory birds. They fly very fast. During the migration, hundreds of swallows are caught by the storm and die. While the swallows which healthily complete the migration process fly through the warm sky, they remember their deceased friends and scream with pain and anger. Syrians are not half as swallows. They cannot grieve for their lost lives in order not to disturb other people.” (Ahmet Ümit, Swallow Scream, p. 289-290)

"Der Band behandelt das geographische Syrien im 18. und 19. Jh. Dieser Zeitraum war von tiefgreifenden wirtschaftlichen Veranderungen gepragt, insbesondere der allmahlichen Integration des Osmanischen Reiches in den Weltmarkt. Die hier vorgestellten neuen Fragen und Forschungsrichtungen, die zu einem differenzierteren Bild der osmanischen Herrschaft beitragen, beziehen wesentliche Impulse aus sozial- und wirtschaftsgeschichtlichen Ansatzen. ... Je ein Index fur Personen- und Ortsnamen sowie Begriffe runden den Band ab. Man kann nur hoffen, daa diese Art der sozial- und wirtschaftshistorischen Nahostforschung, die sich bislang weitgehend im anglo-amerikanischen und arabischen Raum entwickelt hat, auch in Deutschland weitere Verbreitung finden wird." Orientalistische Literaturzeitung "athe book is a major contribution to the study of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Syria. The authors, the editors, and the publisher are to be commended for producing this important publication." Journal of Near Eastern Studies . (Franz Steiner 1998)

Attempts to provide a comprehensive study of the dominant social, political and economic aspects of Syrian society and to identify the pattern of behaviour characteristic of its members.

An unprecedented analysis of the crucial but underexplored roles the United States and other nations have played in shaping Syria's ongoing civil war "One of the best informed and non-partisan accounts of the Syrian tragedy yet published."--Patrick Cockburn, Independent Syria's brutal, long-lasting civil war is widely viewed as a domestic contest that began in 2011 and only later drew foreign nations into the fray. But in this book Christopher Phillips shows the crucial roles that were played by the United States, Russia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Qatar in Syria's war right from the start. Phillips untangles the international influences on the tragic conflict and illuminates the West's strategy against ISIS, the decline of U.S. power in the region, and much more. Originally published in 2016, the book has been updated with two new chapters.

Why did Syrian political life continue to be dominated by a particular urban elite even after the dramatic changes following the end of four hundred years of Ottoman rule and the imposition of French control? Philip Khoury's comprehensive work discusses this and other questions in the framework of two related conflicts--one between France and the Syrian nationalists, and the other between liberal and radical nationalism. Originally published in 1987. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Historical Dictionary of Syria, Fourth Edition covers the recent events in Syria as well as the history that led up to these events. The cross-referenced dictionary section has over 500 entries on significant persons, places and events, political parties and institutions, literature, music and the arts. .

Why are some countries rich and others poor? Colonialism, globalization, bad government, gender inequality, geography, and environmental degradation are just some of the potential answers to this complex question. Using a threefold framework of the West, the South, and the natural world, Shaping the Developing World provides a logical and intuitive structure for categorizing and evaluating the causes of underdevelopment. This interdisciplinary book also describes the social, political, and economic aspects of development and is relevant to students in political science, international studies, geography, sociology, economics, gender studies, and anthropology. The Second Edition has been updated to include the most recent development statistics and to incorporate new research on topics like climate change, democratization, religion and prosperity, the resource curse, and more. This second edition also contains expanded discussions of gender, financial inclusion, crime and police killings, and the Middle East, including the Syrian Civil War.