This book discusses the most widespread and acceptable approaches to writing business letters in a readily understandable fashion, exploring rules and conventions based on actual contemporary practices. Emphasis is placed on types of business letters across languages, patterns of thinking, cross-cultural communication, the effect of style, tone and the mechanics of writing, and grammar. This book is written for all kinds of readers, particularly students and teachers involved in writing business letters for translation purposes, in addition to executives, small business owners, secretaries, and salespersons who are involved in cross-cultural communication. Because of its multifaceted nature, this book serves not only as a practical and comprehensive guide to business correspondence, but also as a tool that helps professionals write business letters and understand their counterparts within the contexts of other languages. It provides various examples from Arabic, English and French, covering a wide range of situations and offers practical advice on wording, content, style, and structure. A list of business terms and their definitions is included at the end of this book to help readers understand their meaning and implications across cultures.

This handbook provides a comprehensive overview, as well as breaking new ground, in a versatile and fast growing field. It contains four sections: Contrastive, Cross-cultural and Intercultural Pragmatics, Interlanguage Pragmatics, Teaching and Testing of Second/Foreign Language Pragmatics, and Pragmatics in Corporate Culture Communication, covering a wide range of topics, from speech acts and politeness issues to Lingua Franca and Corporate Crises Communication. The approach is theoretical, methodological as well as applied, with a focus on authentic, interactional data. All articles are written by renowned leading specialists, who provide in-depth, up-to-date overviews, and view new directions and visions for future research.

Professional Communication across Languages and Cultures aims at developing an integrative linguistic perspective on talk at work. Professional communication allows multi- and interdisciplinary explorations on how workplace relationships and mechanisms are influenced by the use of certain linguistic patterns. The book approaches the topic of professional communication from multiple levels, providing critical, valuable insights into the dynamics of creating and maintaining professional relationships at work.After outlining the theoretical and analytical frameworks, the eleven chapters uncover and develop integrative themes that emerge within the three parts of the book: Dialogue and identity in professional settings, Functions and strategies in professional communication and Specific issues in professional communication. Scholars and students who are interested in research based on authentic data and case studies of efficient communication at work, as well as those teaching courses on interpersonal communication, discourse analysis, pragmatics and sociolinguistics will find useful insights in this volume.

�Today’s global citizens operate business and management endeavors on a global scale. Globalization generates an increasing demand for effective communication in diverse cultural contexts and challenges the relevance of culture in operating businesses in the global village. Communication differences are apparent in many scenarios. Expatriates of international organizations operating abroad adopt their native cultural values to motivate employees of foreign cultures with an entirely different perspective. They use one culture’s motives to move people from other cultures. In global marketing communication, the communicators use values systems of their native culture to develop advertising for other cultures. They use categorizations of one culture to describe others. Such divergence in attitudes, perspectives and priorities of suppliers, and customers with different cultural backgrounds have led to many project failures in international organizations. An in-depth understanding of cultural backgrounds and the potential impact on communication of the people one is interacting with can increase the probability of business success among investors, managers, entrepreneurs and employees operating in diverse cultures. However, effective cross cultural business communication needs to recognize and adopt an interdisciplinary perspective in understanding the cultural forces (Leung, K. et al., 2005). Therefore, we need a multidisciplinary paradigm to carry on effective and successful business communication in our contemporary global village. 本_构建有效的跨文化商__通理_模型，__企_商__略、宏_社_文化、__文化在构建企__通_略中的作用与影_，研究_言与文化在信息__与解__程中的作用，以及_通中的有效_言策略和模糊_言策略。同_，本__合理_模型，提出了有效的跨文化___通_略、_告_通_略和_判_通_略，并提供了提高_通效率与效果的技能和方法。

Research Into Translation and Training in Arab Academic Institutions provides insights into the current issues and challenges facing in-service and trainee Arabic translators and interpreters, both professionally and academically. This book addresses translators’ status, roles, and structures. It also provides Arab perspectives on translation and translation training, written by scholars representing academic institutions across the Arab world. Themes in this collection include training terminologists on managing, promoting and marketing terms; corpora and translation teaching in the Arab world; use of translation technologies; translators training and translators’ methodologies and assessment of translators’ competence; research on translator training; and the status quo of undergraduate translation programs in a sample of five Arab universities. A valuable resource for students, professionals and scholars of Arabic translation and interpreting.

This book examines the linkage between literacy and linguistic diversity, embedding them in their social and cultural contexts. It illustrates that a more complete understanding of literacy among diverse populations and in multicultural societies requires attention to issues of literacy per se as well as to improving an educational process that has relevance beyond members of majority cultures and linguistic groups. The focus of the book is on the social and cultural contexts in which literacy develops and is enacted, with an emphasis on the North American situation. Educators and researchers are discovering that cognitive approaches, while very valuable, are insufficient by themselves to answer important questions about literacy in heterogeneous societies. By considering the implications of family, school, culture, society, and nation for literary processes, the book answers the following questions. In a multi-ethnic context, what does it mean to be literate? What are the processes involved in becoming and being literate in a second language? In what ways is literacy in a second language similar and in what ways is it different from mother-tongue literacy? What factors must be understood to better describe and facilitate literacy acquisition among members of ethnic and linguistic minorities? What are some current approaches that are being used to accomplish this? These are vital questions for researchers and educators in a world that has a large number of immigrants, a variety of multi-ethnic and multi-lingual societies, and an increasing degree of multinational activity. Beyond addressing applied concerns, attending to these questions can provide new insights into basic aspects of literacy.

The focus of this volume is on the business letter genre, a seminal and widely used genre in business communication. Since the introduction of the Internet, interest in this genre has increased once again, because of the digital format of the letter. E-mail has partially taken over the multiple functions of the traditional business letter and bypassed, again partially, the fax. However, the letter has also survived in its written form. Since the 1990s, genre theory has been receiving a lot of attention, both in academic and pedagogical circles. Discourse analysts have increasingly discovered the importance of the genre concept for the understanding of discourse. Not only do we get a better understanding of the linguistic characteristics (register, lexico-grammatical features) of texts, but we also become aware of their macrostructures which appear to be organised according to genre expectations and conventions rooted in the socio-cultural context. This evolution is also reflected in the different research approaches to the business letter, as shown by the various chapters of this volume.

Multicultural Language Education: From Research into Practice is a collection of essays which will appeal to teachers of modern languages, no matter the level of instruction. The contributions highlight the latest developments of Foreign Language Teaching in the Balkan countries. The field of Multicultural Language Education ensures that learners are engaged in the teaching and learning experiences. These experiences will allow learners to successfully participate in a rapidly changing world where cross-cultural understanding and intercultural communication skills are essential. This book surveys current approaches and methods in foreign language teaching, such as grammar translation, language acquisition, classroom management, communication competence, critical thinking skills and communicative language teaching. It also contains research studies as well as educational experiences and proposals, presented from different perspectives and backgrounds, all of which are theoretically grounded with a clear and sound rationale. Readers will find a variety of educational projects and research studies situated in specific educational contexts and in particular geographical locations.

Introduce your students to the exciting world of business.

This is a thorough revision and updating of the extremely successful third edition. As in previous editions, the following three perspectives are considered in depth: experimental cognitive psychology; cognitive science, with its focus on cognitive modelling; and cognitive neuropsychology with its focus on cognition following brain damage. In addition, and new to this edition, is detailed discussion of the cognitive neuroscience perspective, which uses advanced brain-scanning techniques to clarify the functioning of the human brain. There is detailed coverage of the dynamic impact of these four perspectives on the main areas of cognitive psychology, including perception, attention, memory, knowledge representation, categorisation, language, problem-solving, reasoning, and judgement. The aim is to provide comprehensive coverage that is up-to-date, authoritative, and accessible. All existing chapters have been extensively revised and re-organised. Some of the topics receiving much greater coverage in this edition are: brain structures in perception, visual attention, implicit learning, brain structures in memory, prospective memory, exemplar theories of categorisation, language comprehension, connectionist models in perception, neuroscience studies of thinking, judgement, and decision making. Cognitive Psychology: A Students Handbookwill be essential reading for undergraduate students of psychology. It will also be of interest to students taking related courses in computer science, education, linguistics, physiology, and medicine.