More than 40 articles provide an extensive coverage of clinical and basic science advances over the last three years of research on subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced brain injuries. Early brain injury, the new frontier of subarachnoid research, which may be a key contributor to the high mortality and morbidity, promotes collaborative efforts from neurosurgery, neurology, neuro-ICU into other interrelated fields and basic neurosciences. For the first time, subarachnoid hermorrhage research is almost equally divided by early brain injury and cerebral vasospasm, mechanistic investigations and therapeutic approaches, demonstrating a translational feature of the future direction.

This comprehensive volume is the current final word on the subject. It contains more than 90 papers, giving a summary of clinical and basic studies on cerebral vasospasm. It includes reviews by leading researchers in the field. Several new subjects are proposed for future research that will not only promote research from neurosurgery and neurology but also from other interconnecting fields of emergency medicine, electrophysiology, molecular biology, and vascular biology.

The book contains 48 articles presented at the 11th International Conference on Cerebral Vasospasm held in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, in July 2011. This collection of papers represents a cross-section of the enormous progress that has been made towards a thorough understanding and effective treatment of neurovascular events following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, including cerebral vasospasm. It is of interest to clinicians who wish to apply state-of-the-art knowledge to their management of this devastating condition and to basic scientists wishing to expand their understanding of cerebrovascular and neural pathophysiology related to subarachnoid hemorrhage.

More than 40 articles provide an extensive coverage of clinical and basic science advances over the last three years of research on subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced brain injuries. Early brain injury, the new frontier of subarachnoid hemorrhage research, which may be a key contributor to the high mortality and morbidity, promotes collaborative efforts from neurosurgery, neurology, neuro-ICU into other interrelated fields and basic neurosciences. For the first time, subarachnoid hemorrhage research is almost equally divided by early brain injury and cerebral vasospasm, mechanistic investigations and therapeutic approaches, demonstrating a translational feature of the future direction.

This book contains articles presented at the 12th International Conference on Cerebral Vasospasm, held in Lucerne, Switzerland, in July 2013. The included papers represent a balanced cross-section of the enormous progress achieved in basic and clinical research on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and its sequelae, including early neurovascular events and delayed cerebral vasospasm. The section on basic research covers a broad range of aspects, with a special focus on animal models for the study of acute events after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. The section on clinical topics encompasses imaging and endovascular management, surgical innovations and techniques, management and monitoring in neurocritical care, the status of clinical trials, and factors involved in aneurysm formation. This edition is of interest not only for basic researchers but also for clinicians who wish to apply state-of-the-art knowledge to the research and management of this devastating condition.

In this book, leading world authorities on brain edema and neurological disorders/injuries and experts in preconditioning join forces to discuss the latest progress in basic sciences, translational research, and clinical management strategies relating to these conditions. The range of topics covered is wide, including microglia, energy metabolism, trace metals and ion channels, vascular biology, cellular treatment, hemorrhagic stroke, novel technological advances, anesthesia and medical gases, pediatric brain edema, neuroimaging, behavioral assessment, clinical trials, peripheral to central signaling pathways, preconditioning translation, and animal models for preconditioning and brain edema research. The book comprises presentations from Brain Edema 2014, the joint meeting of the 16th International Conference on Brain Edema and Cellular Injury and the 3rd Symposium on Preconditioning for Neurological Disorders, held in Los Angeles on September 27–30, 2014.

Vasospasm is the narrowing of the arteries in the brain following an aneurysm. It is one of the leading causes of death after a brain aneurysm. Contemporary Understanding and Management of Cerebral Vasospasm covers topics from recent advances in molecular mechanisms contributing to cerebral vasospasm, to practical microsurgical and endovascular treatment. Other topics include, the role of MRI in subarachnoid haemorrhage-related vasospasm and computed tomography, CT perfusion angiography correlated with digital subtracted angiography, and transcranial Doppler ultrasound imaging for detecting intracerebral arterial vasospasm. Contemporary Understanding and Management of Cerebral Vasospasm is essential reading for practitioners, including neurosurgeons, vascular specialists and neuroradiologists. Key Features Focuses on the latest advances in management of cerebral vasospasm 38 illustrations and images enhance explanations of latest developments in the field Edited by team of renowned US experts from Yale-New Haven Hospital, Connecticut

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a stroke subtype that affects, preponderantly, young adults. This condition carries a mortality of approximately 30-50% and a rate of permanent neurological disability of 30%. In addition, a substantial number of patients with an apparent good outcome suffer from residual neurocognitive impairment which, though subtle, prevents them from returning to work and having a normal life. Based on these data, it has been estimated that SAH is responsible for almost a quarter of all the years lost because of stroke. The calcium channel blocker nimodipine remains the only pharmacological treatment for SAH. This drug, however, has limited effectiveness and its use in clinical practice may be limited due to hypotension. Therefore, novel and effective treatments for this condition are desperately needed. The outcome in SAH has been associated with early brain injury, vasospasm, and delayed cerebral ischemia. Mechanistically, these processes are characterized by micro- and macro-vascular dysfunction, microthrombi formation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysregulation, brain edema, and neural-cell survival. Soon after SAH, there is a robust inflammatory response characterized by pyrexia, leukocytosis, and upregulation of adhesion molecules and cytokines in the periphery and in the CNS. Observational studies have shown that patients with more severe inflammatory responses experience worse outcomes after SAH. At the molecular level, different proinflammatory intracellular signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein-kinase and nuclear factor kappa-β, are activated in cerebral vessels after experimental SAH and their inhibition has been shown to decrease the occurrence of vasospasm. In addition, clinical and preclinical data have linked cytokine upregulation (interleukins [IL]-1B, IL-6 and IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), enhanced expression of adhesion molecules (selectins, integrins, and ICAM), and neutrophil activation to vasospasm of large cerebral arteries, microvascular dysregulation, and cell death. Moreover, immune cells regulate hemostasis and secrete active proteases, including matrix metalloproteinase 9, which promote microthrombosis and induce blood brain barrier dysfunction, respectively. In this context, it has been suggested that an enhanced inflammatory burden might contribute to brain injury in SAH through numerous downstream mechanisms. On the other hand, growing evidence demonstrates that neuroinflammation may influence the proliferation and migration of progenitor cells that participate of synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and neurorepair.

The field of performing transcatheter interventions to treat vascular lesions has exploded over the past 20 years. Not only has the technology changed, especially in the arena of balloon/stent devices, but the techniques of approaching complex lesions has evolved over the past decade. Lesions that no one would have imagined treating back in the 1990's are now being done routinely in the catheterization suite. This book provides an update on the current techniques and devices used to treat a wide variety of lesions. Though, at first, the outward appearance of the topics appears to be varied, they are all related by the common thread of treating vascular lesions. We hope, by publishing this book, to accomplish two things: First, to offer insight from experts in their field to treat, both medically and procedurally, complex vascular lesions that we frequently encounter. Secondly, we hope to promote increased communication between areas of medicine that frequently don't communicate, between adult interventional cardiologists, pediatric interventional cardiologists, interventional radiologists, and neurosurgeons. Much can be learned from our respective colleagues in these areas which can further our own world of interventions.