The French Revolution, conducted under the slogans of "Equality, Freedom, and Brotherhood," was a social protest against the unfair mechanisms of inheritance, which enabled through arranged marriages, create huge feudal estates. In the French Revolution, feudalism was abolished, and the principles of inheritance remained unchanged. It allowed the gathering, by arranged marriages, of huge capitalist fortunes. Marx's communism and the Russian and Chinese Revolution were directed in reality against the mechanisms of inheritance and introduced to the economy the state property. State property could not be taken over for inheritance. The Russian and Chinese Revolutions broke down, and private property was restored in the economy, which resulted in the creation of many enormous privates fortunes. The problem of inheritance these vast fortunes has arisen again.

This book addresses the contemporary debate about the 'third way' in European social democracy, by analysing the exemplar case of social democracy - 'the Swedish model' - this book challenges the recent 'third way' perspective. The author argues strongly against the widely held belief that the nature of contemporary capitalist restructuring and globalisation has rendered traditional social democracy obsolete.

From its creation in 1950, to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the German Democratic Republic's Ministry for State Security closely monitored its nation's citizens. Known as the Staatssicherheit or Stasi, this organization was regarded as one of the most repressive intelligence agencies in the world. Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck's 2006 film The Lives of Others (Das Leben der Anderen) has received international acclaim—including an Academy Award, an Independent Spirit Award, and multiple German Film Awards—for its moving portrayal of East German life under the pervasive surveillance of the Stasi. In Totalitarianism on Screen, political theorists Carl Eric Scott and F. Flagg Taylor IV assemble top scholars to analyze the film from philosophical and political perspectives. Their essays confront the nature and legacy of East Germany's totalitarian government and outline the reasons why such regimes endure. Other than magazine and newspaper reviews, little has been written about The Lives of Others. This volume brings German scholarship on the topic to an English-speaking audience for the first time and explores the issue of government surveillance at a time when the subject is often front-page news. Featuring contributions from German president Joachim Gauck, prominent singer-songwriter Wolf Biermann, journalists Paul Hockenos and Lauren Weiner, and noted scholars Paul Cantor and James Pontuso, Totalitarianism on Screen contributes to the growing scholarship on totalitarianism and will interest historians, political theorists, philosophers, and fans of the film.

The East European revolutions of 1989 led to momentous changes throughout the region. Nowhere were they felt more dramatically than in Germany, where unification unexpectedly became reality, unfolding with breathtaking speed, unhindered by major obstacles. However, joy over the fall of the Berlin Wall and the opening of the borders was soon dampene

Examines the evolution of collective human rights in international relations and argues that the concept of human rights must integrate group rights based on race/ethnicity, gender, class, and sexuality.

The cosmos, and with it the solar system, through its physical interaction, shapes the fate of the inhabitants of the Earth and their civilization. I have described this in my publications available on OPEN ACCESS on the Internet, and in the following book, I confirm it once again. Physico-chemical processes (including climatic processes) of our planet's environment are controlled by the closer and further influence of the space environment. The changing physicochemical environments (including climate changes) of our planet influencing biological creatures to shape the evolving culture of human civilizations. The defective view of the world promoted in the era of exposing the biological of the human mind contained in the statement "being shapes consciousness" is supplemented by "And consciousness shapes being". The evolution of human knowledge, supported recently by information resources stored on the Internet, allows us to conclude that the universe is filled with a life shaped by the cosmos, and in response, the evolution of biological life shapes the cosmic environment. This sentence: "being shapes consciousness and consciousness shapes being" contains my concept of the functioning of the constantly renewing cosmic environment in which the evolution of biological beings is inscribed. The end of the evolution of biological beings is the creation of a virtual environment in which a new star system will be created, giving life to a virtual biological environment so that energy can be reproduced. The world is composed of interpenetrating and interacting parallel virtual realities that create the energy resources of the Universe. In the first part of the book entitled The Solar System shapes the climate of the Earth’…7 , I describe how the interactions of the Solar System and the Milky Way shape the Earth's climate and the Earth's lithosphere. In the second part of the book entitled The civilization results of climate change…120, I describe how climate change is shaping Earth's cultural systems as human knowledge unfolds. It is necessary to return to the knowledge and beliefs of antiquity to understand the modern world and reconcile different nations. Only peace and reconciliation between people are capable of ensuring the further fruitful evolution of the world. In the last third part of the book entitled The Third Way between capitalism and communism…389, I described the actions that need to be taken for the human world to turn into a harmonious environment enabling the realization of the goal of our evolution - restoring the energy that gave us life, i.e. recreating the virtual solar system and life in it. Warsaw, April 21, 2021, 3:10 Bogdan Góralski Rozdział 1 Wstęp Kosmos, a z nim Układ Słoneczny przez swoje fizyczne oddziaływanie kształtuje losy mieszkańców Ziemi i ich cywilizacji. Opisałem to w moich publikacjach dostępnych OPEN ACCESS w Internecie i w poniższej książce potwierdzam to raz jeszcze. Procesy fizyko-chemiczne (a w tym również procesy klimatyczne) środowiska naszej planety są sterowane przez bliższe i dalsze oddziaływanie środowiska kosmicznego. Zmienne środowiska fizyko-chemiczne ( a w tym zmiany klimatu) naszej planety oddziałując na istoty biologiczne kształtuje ewoluującą kulturę min. ludzkich cywilizacji. Wadliwy pogląd na świat lansowany w epoce eksponowania znaczenia biologicznego umysłu ludzkiego zawarty w twierdzeniu „byt kształtuje świadomość” uzupełniam dopełnieniem „a świadomość kształtuje byt”. Ewolucja ludzkiej wiedzy, wspomagana ostatnio przez zasoby informacji zgromadzone w Internecie pozwala stwierdzić, że Wszechświat jest wypełniony życiem kształtowanym przez Kosmos, a w odpowiedzi ewolucja życia biologicznego kształtuje środowisko kosmiczne. W tym zdaniu: „byt kształtuje świadomość a świadomość kształtuje byt” zawarta jest moja koncepcja funkcjonowania ciągle odnawiającego się środowiska kosmicznego w które jest wpisana ewolucja biologicznych istot. Finałem ewolucji biologicznych istot jest stworzenie środowiska wirtualnego w którym powstanie nowy system gwiazdowy dający życie wirtualnemu środowisku biologicznemu po to by energia mogła się odtwarzać. Świat jest złożony z przenikających się i oddziałujących na siebie równoległych wirtualnych rzeczywistości tworzących zasoby energetyczne Wszechświata. W pierwszej części książki zatytułowanej The Solar System shapes the climate of the Earth’s… , opisuję jak interakcje Układu Słonecznego i Drogi Mlecznej kształtują klimat ziemski i ziemską litosferę. W drugiej części książki zatytułowanej The civilization results of climate change…120, opisuję jak zmiany klimatyczne kształtują ziemskie systemy kulturowe ewoluujące razem z rozwojem zasobów wiedzy ludzkiej. Trzeba wrócić do wiedzy i wierzeń antyku aby zrozumieć współczesny świat i pojednać różne nacje. Tylko pokój i pojednanie między ludźmi jest zdolne do zapewnienia dalszej owocnej ewolucji świata. W ostatniej trzeciej części książki zatytułowanej The Third Way between capitalism and communism zawarłem opis działań, które trzeba wykonać aby ludzki świat zamienił się harmonijne środowisko umożliwiające zrealizowanie celu naszej ewolucji – odtworzenie energii, która dała nam życie tj. odtworzenie wirtualnego Systemu Słonecznego i życia w nim. Warszawa, dnia 21 kwietnia 2021 roku, godzina 3:10 Bogdan Góralski

Premature announcements of the eclipse of nation states under 'globalization' and 'empire' stand exposed as the 21st century's first economic crisis underlines their continuing importance. A predominantly cultural study of nationalism was unable to resist the 'globalization' thesis. Focusing on selected Asian cases, this book argues that nationalisms have always contained political economies as well as cultural politics. Placing nation-states centrally in our understanding of modern capitalism, it challenges the 'globalization' thesis. Rather than eclipse, nations and nationalisms have undergone changes under the impact of neoliberalism since the 1970s. Classical 20th century developmental nationalisms emphasised citizenship, economy and future orientations. Later cultural nationalisms - 'Asian values', 'Hindutva', 'Confucianism' or 'Nihonjiron' - stressed identity, culture and past orientations. Amid neoliberalism's flagrantly unequal political economy, not primarily concerned with material production or productivity, they glorified static conceptions of 'original' cultures and identities - whether religious, ethnic or other - and justified inequality as cultural difference. In contrast to the popular mobilizations which powered developmental nationalisms, cultural nationalisms throve on neoliberalism's disengagement and disenfranchisement, albeit partially compensated by the political baptism of newly enriched groups. Extremist wings of cultural nationalism in some countries were a function of this lack of popular support. This book was published as a special issue of Third World Quarterly.

The collapse of the state-controlled economies of the former Eastern Bloc will certainly change the way the global economy operates. Bringing together scholars from a wide variety of theoretical perspectives, different nations and different empirical research traditions, this title examines the ongoing transition and the implications of market transitions for individual life chances, state economic policy and social stratification systems. The volume includes scholarship that focuses on both single nation and cross-national research, plus research contributions that compare state socialist/former state socialist political economies with conditions elsewhere in the world.

The public sphere provides a domain of social life in which public opinion is expressed by means of rational discourse and debate. Habermas linked its historical development to the coffee houses and journals in England, Parisian salons and German reading clubs. He described it as a bourgeois public sphere, where private people come together and where they turn from a politically disempowered bourgeoisie into an effective political agent - the public intellectual. With communication networks being diversified and expanded over time, the worldwide web has put pressure on traditional public spheres. These new informal and horizontal networks shaped by the internet create new contexts in which an anonymous and dispersed public may gather in political e-communities to reflect critically on societal issues. These de-centered modes of communication and influence-seeking change the role of the (traditional) public intellectual and - at first sight - seem to make their contributions less influential. What processes, therefore, influence changes within public spheres and how can intellectuals assert authority within them? Should we speak of different types of intellectuals, according to the different modes of public intellectual engagement? This ground-breaking volume gives a multi-disciplinary account of the way in which public intellectuals have constructed their role and position in the public sphere in the past, and how they try to voice public concerns and achieve authority again within those fragmented public spheres today.

Charles de Gaulle of France, Juan Perón of Argentina, and Pierre Elliott Trudeau of Canada all achieved the pinnacle of political power, fell from or relinquished power, and then, after a period in the political wilderness, regained their power. By placing greater emphasis than that customarily accorded by biographers on the interment that followed their fall and preceded their resurrection, Derfler describes what they did, the lessons they learned, and the mistakes made by their successors that facilitated their reentry.